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Variable-limit Integrals and Extension

When the limits of integration are themselves functions of xx, use the variable-limit differentiation formula—this generalizes the upper-limit integral function.

变限积分

定理 2

Let f(x)f(x) be continuous on [a,b][a, b], and u(x),v(x)u(x), v(x) be differentiable on [c,d][c, d]. Then

ddxu(x)v(x)f(t)dt=f(v(x))v(x)f(u(x))u(x)\frac{d}{dx} \int_{u(x)}^{v(x)} f(t) \, dt = f\bigl(v(x)\bigr) \cdot v'(x) - f\bigl(u(x)\bigr) \cdot u'(x)

Proof sketch: split the integral into two upper-limit integrals and apply the chain rule.

应用例子

例 1:F(x)=0x2sintdtF(x) = \int_0^{x^2} \sin t \, dt,求 F(x)F'(x)

:Upper limit v(x)=x2v(x)=x^2, so

F(x)=sin(x2)2x=2xsin(x2)F'(x) = \sin(x^2) \cdot 2x = 2x \sin(x^2)

例 2:考研真题应用

Given f(x)=0xet2sintdtf(x) = \int_0^x e^{t^2} \sin t\,dt, g(x)=0xet2dtsin2xg(x) = \int_0^x e^{t^2} dt \cdot \sin^2 x, determine whether x=0x=0 is an extremum or inflection point of f(x)f(x).

  1. Upper-limit derivative
    • f(x)=ex2sinxf'(x) = e^{x^2} \sin x
    • f(x)=2xex2sinx+ex2cosxf''(x) = 2x e^{x^2} \sin x + e^{x^2} \cos x
  2. Check extremum
    • f(0)=0f'(0) = 0
    • f(0)=1>0f''(0) = 1 > 0
  3. 结论x=0x=0 is a local minimum of f(x)f(x). This mirrors common exam tasks: differentiate the integral, then use higher derivatives to classify the point.

总结

本文出现的符号

符号类型读音/说明在本文中的含义
u(x),v(x)u(x), v(x)函数符号自变量函数作为积分上下限的可导函数
f(t)f(t)函数符号被积函数在积分中被积的函数

中英对照

中文术语英文术语音标说明
变限积分variable-limit integral/ˈvɛəriəbəl ˈlɪmɪt ˈɪntɪɡrəl/上下限随 xx 变化的定积分形式
被积函数integrand/ˈɪntəˌɡrænd/积分号内的函数 f(t)f(t)
链式法则chain rule/tʃeɪn ruːl/复合函数求导法则,用于处理上下限的导数

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