Elementary Functions at a Glance
Elementary functions are the building blocks of most formulas you will see in calculus and its applications.
(pi,派):圆周率,出现在三角函数的周期与角度制/弧度制转换中。
Power Functions
Power function
where is a real number.
- If is an integer, the domain is .
- If is rational with even denominator, restrict to keep roots real (e.g., needs ).
- : grows faster; : line; : concave, passes .
- Negative yields reciprocals (e.g., , domain excludes ).
Exponential Functions
Exponential function
with , . Domain: ; Range: .
- Increasing if , decreasing if .
- Always positive, crosses .
Logarithmic Functions
Logarithmic function
with , . Domain: ; Range: .
- Inverse of ; passes .
- Increasing if , decreasing if .
Trigonometric Functions
- , are bounded in with period .
- , have period and vertical asymptotes.
- is odd, is even; phase shifts create other shapes.
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
- : domain , range
- : domain , range
- : domain , range
练习题
练习 1
State the domain and monotonicity of .
参考答案
Domain: . Increasing on its domain.
练习 2
Compare growth: which grows faster as , or ?
参考答案
Exponential eventually outgrows any power ; .
练习 3
Give one even and one odd trigonometric function with their periods.
参考答案
Even: , period .
Odd: , period .
总结
本文出现的符号
| 符号 | 类型 | 读音/说明 | 在本文中的含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 数学符号 | x to the a | 幂函数表达式 | |
| 数学符号 | a to the x | 指数函数 | |
| 数学符号 | log base a of x | 对数函数 | |
| 希腊字母 | Pi(派) | 三角函数的周期常数 | |
| 数学符号 | arc-sine of x | 反三角函数 | |
| 数学符号 | arc-tangent of x | 反三角函数 |
中英对照
| 中文术语 | 英文术语 | 音标 | 说明 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 幂函数 | power function | /ˈpaʊər ˈfʌŋkʃən/ | 形如 的函数 |
| 指数函数 | exponential function | /ˌɛkspəˈnɛnʃəl ˈfʌŋkʃən/ | 底数固定、指数为自变量的函数 |
| 对数函数 | logarithmic function | /ˌlɒɡəˈrɪðmɪk ˈfʌŋkʃən/ | 指数函数的反函数 |
| 三角函数 | trigonometric function | /ˌtrɪɡənəˈmɛtrɪk ˈfʌŋkʃən/ | 以角度/弧度为自变量的周期函数 |
| 反三角函数 | inverse trigonometric function | /ɪnˈvɜːs ˌtrɪɡənəˈmɛtrɪk ˈfʌŋkʃən/ | 求角度的三角函数逆运算 |
| 周期 | period | /ˈpɪəriəd/ | 三角函数重复的最小正间隔 |
Chapters
课程路线图
- 1
Exploring Functions in Advanced Mathematics
当前课程Functions are a core idea of advanced mathematics. This course walks through foundational concepts, key properties, and classic constants so you can read, reason, and compute with confidence.
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