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Exponential Series

Definition

Exponential series

The series n=0xnn!\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{x^n}{n!} is called the exponential series.

Convergence

Convergence of the exponential series

For any real xx, the series converges with sum

n=0xnn!=ex\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{x^n}{n!} = e^x

Proof sketch

Use the ratio test:

an+1an=xn+1(n+1)!n!xn=xn+1\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n} = \frac{x^{n+1}}{(n+1)!} \cdot \frac{n!}{x^n} = \frac{x}{n+1}

limnan+1an=0<1,\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n} = 0 < 1, so it converges for all real xx.

Examples

Example 1

Find n=01n!\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n!}.

Solution: exponential series with x=1x = 1, so ee.

Example 2

Find n=02nn!\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{2^n}{n!}.

Solution: x=2x = 2, so e2e^2.

Example 3

Find n=0(1)nn!\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^n}{n!}.

Solution: x=1x = -1, so e1=1ee^{-1} = \frac{1}{e}.

练习题

练习 1

Compute n=03nn!\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{3^n}{n!}.

参考答案

思路:Exponential series with x=3x = 3.

答案e3e^3.

练习 2

Compute n=0(2)nn!\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-2)^n}{n!}.

参考答案

思路:Exponential series with x=2x = -2.

答案e2=1e2e^{-2} = \frac{1}{e^2}.

练习 3

Compute n=0(ln2)nn!\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{(\ln 2)^n}{n!}.

参考答案

思路:Exponential series with x=ln2x = \ln 2.

答案eln2=2e^{\ln 2} = 2.


总结

本文出现的符号

符号类型读音/说明在本文中的含义
\sum希腊字母Sigma(西格玛)求和符号,表示级数
\infty数学符号无穷大表示无穷级数,项数无限
n!n!数学符号阶乘nn 的阶乘,n!=n×(n1)××1n! = n \times (n-1) \times \cdots \times 1
ee数学符号自然常数自然对数的底,约等于 2.71828
xx数学符号变量指数级数中的变量
lim\lim数学符号极限表示数列或函数的极限

中英对照

中文术语英文术语音标说明
指数级数exponential series/ˌekspəˈnenʃəl ˈsɪəriːz/形如 n=0xnn!\sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{x^n}{n!} 的级数
自然常数natural constant/ˈnætʃərəl ˈkɒnstənt/自然对数的底 ee,约等于 2.71828
阶乘factorial/fækˈtɔːriəl/n!=n×(n1)××1n! = n \times (n-1) \times \cdots \times 1
收敛convergence/kənˈvɜːdʒəns/级数部分和序列有有限极限
比值判别法ratio test/ˈreɪʃiəʊ test/通过相邻项比值判断收敛性的方法

课程路线图

  1. 1

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    The World of Limits in Advanced Mathematics

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    Limits are the foundation of calculus and one of the most important ideas in advanced mathematics.

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    Infinite Series

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    Explore convergence tests, summation, power-series expansions, and applications.

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